数码建筑案例研究（上）
Allianz Kai Frankfurt
– A Case Study of Digital Building
by omake, 2005
Index
Introduction
1 Building Project: Outline
2 Digital technologies
2.1 The Challenge
2.2 Rationale: Integration & control & Standardize
2.3 Methods & Implementations
3 Architectural Impact & Future development
3.1 Design
3.2 Management
3.3 Performance
3.4 Use
Conclusion
Reference
Introduction
Intercom and building communication and management facilities have always been a constituent part of the digital building technology in Germany in the past decades. With the rapid development of semiconductor technology, many products of high performance and reliability are emerging from this field, whose applications are much beyond the conventional building communication facilities. The application of components controllable through software and the use of effective bus technology have laid the foundation for this development. This paper will use a case study on the Allianz Kai building to indicate the role of those digital technologies and their architectural impact. Utilization of these digital technologies and its integration into the modern telecommunication and data network will also be covered.
1 Building Project: Outline
Allianz Kai building was a office building finished in July 2002, the new administrative headquarters of Frankfurter Versicherungs AG, located at the Friedensbrücke across the Main, accommodates more than 2,500 staff on altogether 105,000 square meters of floor space.
Faced with a highly exposed site at the chief southern access road to the city, the designer, Architect Joachim H. Faust, aimed at creating a building that defines the transition from the suburban accumulation of residential buildings to the singular and self-contained high-rises of Frankfurt. A stone façade faces the street and harmonizes both the scale and the material of the new structure with the buildings on the opposite side.
2 Digital technologies
2.1 The challenge
The first problem to face is the integration of information based on technologies with different language. The challenge is to integrate all those existing and new “information islands” of current and new applications into a functioning utility automation system. Control center need to know the overall operating conditions but the corporate culture is often resistant to telephone and fax communication, thus, information flow between facilities is limited. Utilities use the standards as a bridge between power plants, substations, and the control center, and to communicate within substations. They now have a broader perspective with more information on overall operating conditions such as change of loads, power production schedules, and other plant information.
In Allianz Kai project, 15 different building systems and functions were to be integrated including. It required 17 large DDC panels controlling more than 41,500 data points. (See following figure)
|
|
Architectural Devices |
Data point |
|
1 |
System for HVAC |
5500 |
|
2 |
System for fire and smoke exhaust system |
2000 |
|
3 |
Interface to the steam supply system |
— |
|
4 |
Lighting control system |
25000 |
|
5 |
CCTV system |
— |
|
6 |
Fire alarm system |
5000 |
|
7 |
Burglar alarm system |
2200 |
|
8 |
Access control system |
— |
|
9 |
Internal and external alarm system |
1000 |
|
10 |
Intercom system |
— |
|
11 |
Parking and watchman tour system |
800 |
|
12 |
Energy metering system |
— |
|
13 |
Emergency door lock system and remote operation of gates and main entrance doors |
— |
|
14 |
Elevator monitoring |
— |
|
15 |
Information and communication systems |
— |
|
|
total |
41500 |
Another issue might be the time limitation. Entire building system need to be done within three months, including installation, programming, and commissioning.
How to coordinate all sub-systems and manage them? In this case, digital technology was wildly used to meet all the challenges for this building project. Other than time-consuming custom development, proven and readily available standard solutions were sought respecting the tight schedule.
2.2 Rationale: Integration & control & Standardize
For the building to function as an integrated system, the final technological ingredient required is a network. This network needs, ideally, to be real-time, and to have simple device interfaces comparable with the cheap nature of existing building devices such as light switches.
——Sue Sharples, Vic Callaghan, Graham Clarke (1999)
The idea to integrate all the system required in this project is to use TCP/IP and the Internet based technology. By using TCP/IP protocol as the communication conventions it is possible to connect or internet work different hardware technologies. Comer (1988) stated in his book: “The internet technology hides the details of network hardware, and permits computers to communicate independent of their physical network connections”.
Comparing with proprietary communication systems base on one specific vendor (See following figure), the internet technology made the “open system inter-connection” available. It has been designed to facilitate communication among machines with diverse hardware architectures with different network hardware, applications, and operating systems.
While integrate different systems mentioned in the context, such as HVAC systems and temperature sensors, as well as devices and appliances located within the complex, monitoring and control of those architectural devices came to be the point to achieve convenience, security providing, and energy saving. “To facilitate the control”, Scott Howe (1996) mentioned, “There must be a way to communicate the intentions and to actuate them on the device. Both of these require special hardware at both ends which can range in sophistication depending on the work to be done. The controlling of various devices is known as Direct Digital Control (DDC) technology”.
Meanwhile, digital standard of technologies provides a platform to achieve efficiency. Following ASHRAE[①] Standard Project Committee’s “charter”, the BACnet protocol was first published in 1995 as a set of standardized methods to achieve interoperability between and among HVAC direct digital control systems and other computerized building automation equipment. Modeled on the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) basic reference model, BACnet has facilitated interoperability and provided the ability to select the different vendors for particular task, and it was wildly used in Allianz Kai building.
（待续……）
净灵 
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